Svalbard’s intriguing past

Svalbard’s past is as dynamic and remarkable as the Northern Lights that paint its winter skies. From its days as a base for bold explorers to its role as a centre for scientific advancement, the archipelago has enchanted people for centuries.

Today, the population may be small, but the stories that have unfolded on its icy shores are vast, weaving together the threads of numerous countries, cultures, and languages.

Records suggest that it was the Vikings who first knew of the land that would be called Svalbard, but it wasn’t until the age of European exploration that its icy reaches were thoroughly navigated.

The Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz discovered Svalbard while searching for the Northeast Passage in 1596, although Norsemen or Pomors (Russian settlers) may have visited earlier. Barentsz died at sea after his ship became stuck in the ice, but the tales told by the surviving members of his crew helped to establish Svalbard as a land of both peril and promise.

Whalers, hunters, and trappers found the lure of Svalbard irresistible, drawn by stories of encounters with polar bears and walruses in the stark landscapes, but it wasn’t until the 17th century that a more permanent Svalbard population began to form.

Basque, Dutch, English, and French whalers established temporary stations, transforming the archipelago into an economic hotspot. It was a time marked by brutal exploitation of marine resources, leading to the near extinction of some whale species in the waters around Svalbard.

Coal mining has been a cornerstone of Svalbard’s economic history since the early 20th century. Companies from Norway and Russia established settlements to support the mines, which led to a population boost and the development of infrastructure. Longyearbyen, the archipelago’s largest town, is named after American entrepreneur John Munro Longyear, whose company started coal mining operations in 1906.

The Russian and later Soviet interest in Svalbard was primarily driven by the potential for resource extraction. Originally established by a Dutch mining company in the 1920s, the coal mining settlement of Barentsburg became the heart of Soviet ambitions in the Arctic in the 1930s. Even today, it remains a symbol of Russia's enduring presence in the High North, with its Cyrillic signs and Soviet-era architecture.

Coal mining in Svalbard did more than provide fuel for Europe and Russia and shape the physical landscape with its mines, railways, and company towns. More than any other industry, it also defined Svalbard’s human geography. The miners and their families created tight-knit communities that defied the Arctic's isolation and harshness. Towns like Longyearbyen and Pyramiden were erected from the snow, complete with amenities such as schools, hospitals, libraries, and theatres. Svalbard is a living, breathing example of the remarkable human endeavour to create liveable spaces in the least hospitable of environments.

The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 was a pivotal moment in the archipelago's history. It recognised Norwegian sovereignty while guaranteeing treaty signatories the right to engage in commercial activities on equal terms.

This unique political situation led to the diverse international community that exists in Svalbard today, with Russian and Norwegian communities coexisting alongside a growing international presence.

That’s not to say Svalbard’s history has been entirely peaceful. The archipelago’s strategic location made it a point of contention during both World Wars. In World War I, it was seen as a potential haven for German U-boats, prompting Allied forces to establish a presence. World War II saw a more direct impact. The archipelago was strategically crucial for forecasting the weather for ships and planes navigating the Barents Sea.

After realising the Svalbard population had been evacuated in 1941, the Germans established a weather station there, and in 1943, a German shell devastated Barentsburg and Longyearbyen. Later, Norwegian and Soviet forces worked to evict the Nazi presence from the archipelago.

In the gripping theatre of the Cold War, Svalbard occupied a unique position. Its strategic importance was amplified by the polar projection of missile ranges and the need for satellite stations. While there were no direct military confrontations on Svalbard soil, the archipelago was an area of significant espionage and surveillance activities, with both Eastern and Western powers keenly monitoring each other's moves in this polar region.

The extreme latitude of Svalbard has made it an invaluable location for scientific research, particularly in the fields of meteorology, glaciology, and polar biology. The archipelago is home to the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), the world's northernmost higher education institution, which attracts international students and researchers.

With climate change affecting the Arctic faster than many other regions, Svalbard has become a natural laboratory for studying the impact of these changes. Research stations dot the landscape, and scientists from around the world come to study the melting glaciers, shifting permafrost, and changing ecosystems.

Perhaps one of the most intriguing aspects of Svalbard’s contribution to global heritage is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Opened in 2008, this facility is carved into the permafrost and designed to function as the world's backup for plant diversity.

Svalbard's Global Seed Vault is often referred to as the ‘Doomsday Vault,’ not because of any apocalyptic function but due to its role in providing a safety net against the loss of seeds in genebanks. With its robust construction and natural freezing temperatures, the Vault ensures that the diversity of the world’s crops is preserved for future generations. It represents a significant investment in the future of humanity, holding more than a million unique seed samples from nearly every country in the world.

The presence of the Global Seed Vault on Svalbard is a powerful symbol of the archipelago's enduring legacy. This is a place where the past is always underfoot, and the future is being secured deep in the Arctic ice.

From the explorers and miners to the soldiers and scientists, Svalbard’s population has always been transient; the extreme conditions mean few can call it a permanent home, although a few families have been here for generations. But each community that has come, gone, and stayed over the centuries has left its cultural imprint.

As a result, Svalbard’s cultural heritage is as multifaceted as its history. That unique blend of Norwegian, Russian, and international influences is evident in its cosmopolitan spirit, the architecture of settlements like Barentsburg and Longyearbyen, and in the celebration of holidays and traditions from various corners of the globe.

Svalbard’s languages mirror its international community. Norwegian and Russian are predominant due to historical and present settlements, but because of the Svalbard Treaty and the archipelago's research significance, English has become a common lingua franca. This blend of languages in such a remote location is a testament to Svalbard's role as a crossroads of nations and cultures, even in the desolate expanse of the Arctic.