Weather and seasons in Antarctica
Dramatic seasons, harsh temperatures, and impressive winds make the South Pole one of the most interesting weather locations on Earth.
If you’ve never visited a polar destination, you’re probably wondering what to expect of the weather in Antarctica. Even if you’ve spent time in the Arctic Circle, the Antarctic is an entirely different experience. The high elevation and large landmass makes the South Pole significantly colder than the North Pole. Temperature is only one piece of the Antarctic weather puzzle, of course. Here’s an overview of possible weather conditions on the planet’s southernmost destination:
Seasons in Antarctica
Antarctica has only two seasons: summer and winter. Its location in the Southern Hemisphere means the Antarctic summer runs from October to February. During this time, the sun is almost always above the horizon. Days rapidly get longer in the Antarctica summer, until the sun doesn’t set at all. This phenomenon is called the Midnight Sun. Even though multiple places in the Northern hemisphere experience this perpetual sunlight, Antarctica is the only southern location where it can be seen.
January is the warmest month in Antarctica, when average temperatures climb all the way up to 0ºC (32ºF) in the Antarctic Peninsula. However, average temperatures range from -10ºC to -60ºC (14ºF to -76ºF), depending on how far into the continent you travel.
If anyone is in Antarctica once winter comes, they're staying until summer returns. Flights and ships cease travel to and from Antarctica once the weather starts to turn, as conditions become too treacherous for travel. Researchers are typically the only people who brave the Antarctic night. This is a valuable time for astronomers, who can use the complete darkness to get spectacular views of the universe. Climatologists are also busy during this time of year tracking and comparing the temperatures on and below the continent's surface.
LATE SUMMER CRUISING IN ANTARCTICA: February – March
If you choose to go on an Antarctica cruise in February or March, you’ll see the continent during its late summer period. This has multiple benefits, including the ability to explore more thoroughly as the ice melts and breaks apart. This timing also gives us a high probability of seeing whales near the Antarctic Peninsula.
What whales might you see?
Late summer is the best time to see whales in Antarctica. It’s most common to see humpback whales, minke whales, and killer whales, though it’s possible to see many other species, as well. These can include blue whales, fin whales, sei whales, southern right whales, and sperm whales.
What about penguins?
By March, the adorable penguin chicks are growing up. They begin to fledge and grow into their adult feathers. Meanwhile, their parents may have already gone out to sea to begin preparing for their own molting season.
Why go to Antarctica during its late-summer season?
If you're an explorer who wants to see as much of Antarctica as possible, choose a late summer cruise. As the polar ice melts, we can access points much farther south than you could earlier in the summer. Of course, you’ll also see other Antarctic wildlife while experience the untouched majesty of Antarctica it late summer.
Precipitation
If you think of the Antarctic continent as a constant mass of furious snow storms, think again. Blizzards do happen in Antarctica, but they’re few and far between, typically due to winds blowing lose snow, rather than new snow falling. Fresh snow doesn’t actually fall very often—the continent only gets an average of 2 inches of precipitation each year. Antarctica is technically a desert, and a particularly dry one at that. This is because the cold air simply can’t hold much water. There's no precipitation without humidity and there’s no humidity without heat.
So how is the continent is covered in snow if it rarely falls? Even though there isn’t much precipitation every year, the temperature doesn’t rise high enough for the snow to melt. The little snow that falls accumulates until it’s packed into ice.
Wind
The dramatic elevation differences throughout Antarctica lead to impressive and harrowing wind speeds. The continent’s coastal regions experience what is known as katabatic winds, or winds that that flow down slopes to the areas below. These gusts come roaring through the flatter, lower parts of Antarctica and regularly reaches over 60 miles per hour.
That’s just the average. The wind can, and does, move a whole lot quicker. It’s not unusual to see speeds up to 100 miles per hour, while the highest wind speed ever recorded on the continent was 200 miles per hour. Interestingly, the actual South Pole’s high elevation means it doesn't get particularly high winds itself—the average wind speed there is only about 12 miles per hour.
